Civilization: Seleucid Empire
Ruler: Diodotus Tryphon
Mint: Antioch
Year: 142 - 138 BC
Composition: Bronze
Denomination: Chalkon
Diameter: 16.6mm
Weight: 3.92g
Reference:

Obverse
Diademed head of Tryphon right

Reverse
Spiked Macedonian helmet with cheek guards facing left, adorned with wild goat's horn above visor. piloi of the Dioskouroi to inner left; BAΣIΛEΩΣ / TPYΦΩNOΣ - AYTOKPATOPOΣ

Diodotus Tryphon was a Seleucid usurper who ruled parts of the empire from around 142 to 138 BCE, during a time of significant instability and fragmentation within the Seleucid realm. Originally a military general under King Alexander Balas, Tryphon seized power after the death of Balas, taking advantage of the young king Antiochus VI Dionysus, whom he initially supported as a puppet ruler. Claiming to protect Antiochus VI, Tryphon established himself as a regent but eventually disposed of the young king, likely having him killed, and declared himself king.

Tryphon's reign was marked by his efforts to hold and expand his power, particularly against Demetrius II Nicator, the legitimate Seleucid ruler. He gained support from various factions, including segments of the military and local cities in Syria, where he promoted himself as a defender against Demetrius's oppressive rule. However, he faced fierce opposition and was ultimately challenged by Antiochus VII Sidetes, Demetrius II's younger brother, who managed to rally support against Tryphon.

In 138 BCE, after losing crucial battles to Antiochus VII, Tryphon was forced to retreat. He was eventually captured or surrendered and was either executed or committed suicide. Tryphon’s rule, though brief, highlighted the deep divisions within the Seleucid Empire, as ambitious generals and rival claimants increasingly fractured the dynasty.